A Quick Tour of Jupiters Moons

A Quick Tour of Jupiters Moons Meet the Moons of Jupiter The planet Jupiterâ is the biggest world in the nearby planetary group. It has in any event 67 known moons and a slim dusty ring. Its four biggest moons are known as the Galileans, after cosmologist ​Galileo Galilei, who found them in 1610. The individual moon names are Callisto, Europa, ​Ganymede, and Io, and originate from Greek folklore. In spite of the fact that stargazers examined them widely from the beginning, wasnt until the main rocket investigations of the Jupiter framework that we knew how bizarre these little universes are. The primary rocket to picture them were the Voyager tests in 1979. From that point forward, these four worldsâ have been investigated by the Galileo, Cassini and New Horizons missions, which gave very great perspectives on these little moons. The Hubble Space Telescope has additionally considered and imaged Jupiter and the Galileans commonly. The Juno strategic Jupiter, which showed up in summer 2016, will give more pictures of these small universes as it circles around the goliath planet taking pictures and data.â Investigate the Galileans Io is the nearest moon to Jupiter and, at 2,263 miles over, is the second littlest of the Galilean satellites. It is frequently called the â€Å"Pizza Moon† in light of the fact that its brilliant surface resembles a pizza pie. Planetary researchers discovered it was a volcanic world in 1979â when the Voyager 1 and 2 shuttle flew by and caught the first very close pictures. Io has more than 400 volcanoes that heave sulfur and sulfur dioxide over the surface, toâ give it that bright look. Since these volcanoes are continually repaving Io, planetary researchers state that its surface isâ geologically young.â Europa is the littlest of the Galilean moons. It gauges just 1,972 miles acrossâ and is made generally of rock. Europa’s surface is a thick layer of ice, and underneath it,â there might be a salty expanse of water aboutâ 60 miles down. Infrequently Europaâ sends tufts of water outâ into wellsprings that tower in excess of 100 miles over the surface. Those tufts have been found in information sent back by Hubble Space Telescope. Europa is frequently referenced as a spot that could be tenable for certain types of life. It has a vitality source, just as natural material that could help in the development of life, in addition to a lot of water. Regardless of whether it is or not stays an open inquiry. Space experts have since quite a while ago discussed sending missions to Europa to scan for proof of life. Ganymede is the biggest moon in the nearby planetary group, estimating 3,273 miles over. It’s made for the most part of rock and has a layer of salt water in excess of 120 miles underneath the cratered and dry surface. Ganymede’s scene is separated between two sorts of landforms: old cratered locales which are dull shaded, and more youthful zones containing notches and edges. Planetary researchers found a slender climate on Ganymede, and it’s the main moon known so far that has its own attractive field. Callisto is the third-biggest moon in the close planetary system and, at 2,995 miles in breadth, is almost a similar size as the planet Mercury (which is a little more than 3,031 miles over). It’s the most far off of the four Galilean moons. Callisto’s surface reveals to us that it was besieged since its commencement. Its 60-mile thick surface is secured with holes. That recommends the frosty hull is extremely old and hasn’t been reemerged through ice volcanism. There might be a subsurface water sea on Callisto, however conditions for life to emerge there are less great than for neighboring Europa.â Discovering Jupiters Moons From Your Back Yard At whatever point Jupiter is noticeable in the evening sky, attempt to locate the Galilean moons. Jupiter itself is very brilliant, and its moons will look like small dabs on either side of it. Under great dull skies, they can be seen through a couple of binoculars. A great patio type telescopeâ will give a superior view, and for the ardent stargazer, a bigger telescope will show the moons AND highlights in Jupiter’s beautiful mists.

What Ive Learned Free Essays

On July 21, I went to a family grill in Rochester, NY. In the wake of leaving the grill, I was en route to meet my siblings John and Nick at the neighborhood bar to talk and have a ton of fun. After we saw our most seasoned sibling John off, Nick and I chose to race down the central avenue around. We will compose a custom exposition test on What Ive Learned or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now I learned on this day to never race a vehicle around a hazardous bend. While my sibling and I left the parking garage of the bar, he circumvented me to lead. I tailed him until we arrived at the central avenue, Peach St. As we moved toward the road, Nick arranged on the correct side of my vehicle and inside three seconds we hurried up pedal. While speeding down Peach St. around 80-90mph, I saw that after we passed the public venue. Likewise, I was currently in the number one spot. Since I had the lead, I endeavored to apply my brakes but since I was going too quick they wouldn’t work. Seeing that my brakes weren’t working, I contemplated what was going to stop my vehicle in this local location. Now, everything I could do was keep my foot on the brakes and shout. As I shouted, I looked as my vehicle experienced someone’s family room window and my body hit the guiding wheel. After the vehicle experienced the family room window, I at that point got out creation sure everybody was okay. Since everybody was fine, I called the police, and my family. While remaining outside my vehicle, I glance around and all I see is my vehicle on the patio of the house with glass on top of it and the front wheel turned the contrary way. From my speeding, I totaled my vehicle and crushed someone’s house. Acknowledging what simply occurred, I presently felt like I was hit consecutive by three tractor trailers. This was one of the most exceedingly awful sentiments to encounter. In light of my moronic choice to speed, I wound up with no vehicle; the family who was making the most of their night was out of a house for a couple of evenings. I was presently stuck managing another sort of misery. Toward the day's end I sincerely guaranteed my girl and myself just as my family that I was finished with dashing except if it was on a genuine track. Step by step instructions to refer to What Ive Learned, Papers

What Should You Know For Fabulous Cold War Essay

BLOG In: Popular topics Cold war was a huge conflict between USSR and USA in the second half of XX century. Cold war essays must overview the conflict deeply and transfer the mood of that time.After finishing World War II winning countries could not set up relationship. Communication between countries lacked mutual understanding. The USA and USSR had main opposing views. Both countries began forming military blocks of countries which would come out on their side in case of global war. The cold war essay would hardly envelop the whole war, it I a great period of time. If you are interested in writing causes of cold war essay, you should know much about the situation during WW2. Before writing an essay on the cold war, it is reasonable to know how professional writers do it, what approaches do they use and check how plagiarism can be avoided. History of the term Cold War Knowing the history and nature of the term allows you to write origins of the cold war essay. The term cold war war firstly used by George Orwell on 19th of October 1954 in the article You and the Atom Bomb which was published in Tribune. He wrote that if the atom bomb appear in other countries (not USA only) disposal, it would make 2-3 superstates grow up. Thanks to weapon that could destroy billions of people in a second they could divide the world between each other. According to Orwell, these superpowers probably would set up a conclusion about non-use of nuclear weapons between each other and, being unconquered, they would fall into state of constant cold war (in a permanent state of cold war with its neighbors). This, in his opinion, would determine large-scale wars at the cost of endless prolongation of peace which is not peace at all. In March of 1946 Orwell wrote that after Moscow December conference of 1945 Russia began cold war against Britain and British Empire. In offici al situation the term was firstly used by Bernard Baruch on 16th of April 1946 in his speech for members of House of Representatives of South Carolina. Fulton speech, or beginning of Cold War On the 5th of March 1946 Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister, delivered his well-known Iron Curtain speech in Westminster college 2. For that time he acted like a private person. He described the USSR and communism to be a growing threat for the rest of the world and demanded consolidation of all English speaking countries in opposing the red danger. The idea of making a military union of Anglo-Saxon countries was read. There were several reasons for such thoughts. In February of 1945 the conference in Yalta took place, where the leaders (W. Churchill, F. Roosevelt and J. Stalin) of antihitlerite nations met and divided the world into spheres of influence. After that USSR began setting up pro-communist governments in several countries of Europe (Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Eastern Germany etc.) Developing a government in Poland for counterbalancing already existing emigrant government of Poland in London made the ruling top of Britain consider USSR as thread. Besides that, USSR began laying territorial claims to Turkey and demander changing the status of Black Sea straits, including acceptance of USSRs right to build a navy base in Dardanelles. In 1946 Greek pro-communist rebels began rioting. They were supported by Albania, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, but they failed in 1949. In London conference of foreign Ministers the Soviet one demanded the control on Libya for setting up soviet presence on Mediterranean shore. In opinion of US Ex-President Ronald Reagan the Fulton speech brought us the world we have got right now. At the edge of nuclear war So, the war was practically declared. In the USA headquarters the plan of future war was developed. It was called Operation Dropshot. According to it, in 1957 about 300 atomic bombs were supposed to be dropped on USSR territory, on 100 cities. The USSR would be occupied and divided into 4 parts. The plan was not brought to life because the USSR already had enough atomic bombs for an adequate answer. In 1961 the most intense period of the cold war took place. It is called Caribbean Crisis. The beginning of this crisis was the deployment of about one hundred ballistic missiles in the European countries by the USA. The missiles were able to reach Moscow and main industrial centers of USSR. Former soviet N. Khrushchev decided to place own rocket on communistic Cuba, close at hand to USA territory. According to Wikipedia, the operation was canned Anadyr. The crisis began on 14th of October 1962 when American spy plane U-2 during one of regular flights discovered soviet ballistic missiles near the village of San Cristbal. According to the decision of former President of the USA J. Kennedy the secret executive committee was developed. It was aimed to find possible ways of solving the problem. However, on the 22nd of October Kennedy revealed the secret on television and told that there were several missiles on Cuba. The blockade of Cuba began. On the 25th of October the photos of missiles were shown during session in UN Security Council. In spite of advices about bombing Cuba, Kennedy decided to meet Khrushchev and suggest a peaceful solution. The USA decided to set off the blockade from Cuba and not declaring war to it, and USSR dismounted all missiles. The Caribbean crisis lasted for only for 13 days, but it shown how near was the world to nuclear Apocalypse. As we can see, everybody was afraid of open war, there were several wars that included URRS and USA influence. Three of them are the most significant: Korean War, Vietnam War and Afghanistan War. The possible end of the war The official end of the cold war is considered to be in 1991 after break up of Soviet Union. However, an improvement of relations began several years before that by accident. In 1982 ten-year-old girl Samantha Smith looked at the Time magazine, where the article about new USSR leader Y. Andropov was published. The article explained why the new leader is more dangerous for the USA. Samantha asked her mother why everybody was so afraid of him and why there was not any possibility to write him a letter and ask if he was to start a war. Mother jokingly told her to write a letter by herself. The girl followed the advice and wrote to Andropov. Soon she got an answer from him. The letter was published in Pravda and in became worldwide known. She was invited to visit USSR and see that nobody there wanted war with USA. Later she visited the country and pioneer camp Artek and wrote a book about that. Her photos and citations from her book flew round the planet. Samantha was a good example of p eoples kindness and if you are interested in her full story, you can find more on her website. Heritage of the war No matter how cold the conflict was, it was war with tolls and destruction. Many countries were not able to set up relations for years and the modern society still feels the results of the conflict. Post-war Germany became a great symbol of the war. It was divided literally into Soviet Eastern and Capitalist Western parts. In Berlin the huge wall was set up. Germany was able to unify only in 1990. Korean peninsula is still got two separate countries, Northern and Southern Koreas, which has not declared peace yet. The arms race absorbed many resources from all sides and it was blocking the economical development. Maybe, the only positive moment was quick conquering of outer space. Only now it begins developing new modern approaches and quitting old technologies. In order to write a significant essay among numerous essays on cold war, look at the problem from different sides. Good cold war essays contain materials, documents and memories of the eyewitnesses. For any essay cold war is a huge topic full of materials and data, however, if you cannot write any, we can help you.

Motivation in Physical Education - 1719 Words

Motivation in Physical Education Problem Statement The health benefits of physical activity are well documented to date. Researchers also are fairly confident as to how often, how much, how long, and what types of activity one must engage in for health enhancing results. Therefore, the reasons to become or to stay physically active are inescapable, and the opportunities to practice health enhancing behaviors are innumerable. The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recommends that adolescents do 60 minutes or more of physical activity daily. However, recognizing the importance of physical activity, Healthy People 2010 recently reported that only 65% of adolescents in grades 9-12 engage in the recommended†¦show more content†¦To date, much research has been done to address how students are motivated at various academic levels, but no programs or teaching methods have been developed to counter the problem of the discouraged PE student. Future work needs to identify not only the cau sal predictors of such changes, but also their motivational ramifications for young people in PE (Warburton Spray, 2008). What one learns in the physical education environment has been identified more now than ever, as one of the most powerful frameworks for developing physical activity habits. Despite holding such promise, interest and participation in PE as well as physical activity levels have declined with age (Biddle, 1995, cited in Koka Haggar, 2010). The physical education environment is very unique from other academic environments. In addition to a focus on cognitive competence, physical competence is of great concern for the teacher and student. Abilities of each student are obvious, and constantly in full view of peers to be evaluated by ones’ self as well as others, which may lead to an element of stress unmatched anywhere else in the school setting. It is easy for the young child to be overly-concerned with any type of self-referenced failure, which could l ead to an attempt by the student to avoid such occurrences by avoiding the activity altogether. MuchShow MoreRelatedMy Motivation For Choosing A Physical Education1827 Words   |  8 Pagesindustry. (b) My motivation for opting to study E112, is to further develop my skills and knowledge in sport and fitness. I also aim to progress into becoming a physical education teacher. Throughout this module I would like to be re-introduced into education in sport and fitness as it has been four years since I studied a level 3 sport science course, and I would like this module to help me prepare and study effectively. As stated above, my ambition is to become a physical education teacher in a highRead MoreHow Does Motivation And Physical Activity Differ By Grade And Gender?841 Words   |  4 Pagescounts? How does motivation and physical activity differ by grade and gender? Based on the information obtained in the study, results for the first research question revealed that when students viewed the physical education learning environment as one that is task or mastery-oriented the student in turn viewed participating in physical education positively. Results also revealed that there was a con nection with student insight of the learning climate and attitudes of the student as opposed to self-determinationRead MoreMotivating K-12 Learners in Education 969 Words   |  4 Pages Motivation affects nearly 75% of K-12 learners in education. It is a problem that effects students learning ability, causing them to detach from the classroom setting, which later results in failure on standardize tests. Motivation is very essential in education. It implicates the reason of a childs actions and behaviors in a particular way. The theoretical background for this study centers around ways students interest level arises and fails, and what strategies and activities motivates themRead MoreThe Development Through Physical Education1047 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment through Physical Education. Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are basic skills. These skills begin to be developed throughout the early years of life, from crawling to walking, from walking to running. Pickup and Price (2007) say that children gain control over their bodies by moving in a variety of ways. They go on to say that children have various and versatile movements to interact with the environment. Once the FMS skills are developed, physical progress in Physical Education (PE) can beRead More My Philosophy on Physical Education Essay616 Words   |  3 PagesMy Philosophy on Physical Education Physical education should be a fun class, but fun does not have to mean chaos. I believe in a structure that will allow the students to have fun in a safe way. My lesson plans will be structured so that students are constantly engaged in physical activity. I feel that if I can keep students moving and learning, then the chances of misbehavior will decrease. In elementary school I feel that Instant Activities should be used to get students movingRead MoreAed 200 Classroom Mgmt Paper1027 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Newsletter December 2002, Volume 7, No. 2). Behaviorist theory of education has proven to be the most effective style of teaching compared to the constructivist theory of education. In the constructivist theory of education 30 different students may arrive at 30 different understandings all of which are not equally appropriate (MacKinnon Scarff-Seatter, 1997). Classroom Organization The physical environment of a classroom is extremely important to effective teaching andRead MoreThe Flavored Of Music And Exercise1668 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent aspects of living such as a work environment, sports games, while studying, in the car, or while doing exercise. Incorporating music into exercise has been proven to make exercising in any environment more fun, boost one’s mood, increasing motivation, and varying heart rate depending on the tempo of music. Music and exercise increase the brain activity, along with facilitate in the motor development of a child. In today’s world, music is used to help facilitate one’s gaining knowledge ofRead MoreEffects Of Exercise Behaviors And Body Image And Eating Disorder Development1742 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Wellness requires a balance between mental health and physical health. Researching the effect between exercise behaviors and physical self-esteem on eating behaviors looks at one facet of this relationship. Exercise behaviors that will be looked at will take into account intensity of exercise, exercise frequency, and motivations for exercise. Self-esteem is multifaceted, but focusing on physical self-esteem pinpoints the physical appearance factors. Eating behaviors will be defined as the presenceRead MoreUse Of Pedometers Increase Student Motivation For Physical Activity Among 4th Grade Students896 Words   |  4 PagesIn a few sentences, describe your research plan. Think about the instrument you will use in your research. Research question: Can the use of pedometers increase student motivation for physical activity amongst 4th grade students? A convenience sample of two 4th grade classes will participate in the study. The first class will be identified as the control group. Students in this group will be assigned a sealed pedometer and will not receive any pedometer instructions, or pedometer step-count goalsRead More The Importance of Education Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Education Education has always been a crucial part of society for the past centuries. Some believe that our education is a privilege. Some believe that our education is a right. Some believe that our education is an obligation. The only obligation we might have towards education is to treat it as a privilege as well as a right, but certainly not an obligation to have an education. Education has been the basis for the success we see in our parents, our teachers, and more

The Rise of Imperialism Essay - 475 Words

Although there are many other important factors, the main cause of the rise of imperialism was most certainly economic. The Age of Empire, by Eric J. Hobsbawn, provides an interpretation of New Imperialism. Hobsbawn calls imperialism â€Å"a natural by-product of the international economy† (Sherman pg 177). He is basically saying that imperialism is dependent on the rivalries of competing industries, which continually drive the international economy. Hobsbawn also dictates the need for external markets. The Industrial Revolution created many products that needed markets, thus creating a need of colonies. Hobsbawn believed that the overproduction of the Industrial Revolution and the Great Depression could be solved. He also realized that†¦show more content†¦Economic factors played an extremely important role in the rise of imperialism, allowing Western Europe to increase their power and influence in the world.Although there are many other important factors, the main cause of the rise of imperialism was most certainly economic. The Age of Empire, by Eric J. Hobsbawn, provides an interpretation of New Imperialism. Hobsbawn calls imperialism â€Å"a natural by-product of the international economy† (Sherman pg 177). He is basically saying that imperialism is dependent on the rivalries of competing industries, which continually drive the international economy. Hobsbawn also dictates the need for external markets. The Industrial Revolution created many products that needed markets, thus creating a need of colonies. Hobsbawn believed that the overproduction of the Industrial Revolution and the Great Depression could be solved. He also realized that many businessmen knew that they could make a large profit off of China’s large population. For example, if every one of the three hundred million Chinese purchased one box of tin-tacks the businessmen knew that there would be a huge profit, consequently increasing the desire for colonization of weaker countries. New technology, as described in The Tools of Empire by Daniel R. Headrick, also contributed to the desire for newShow MoreRelatedThe Rise of American Imperialism Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rise of American Imperialism The idea of American Imperialism had both its advocates and its critics. One only needs to look at a map to see which side won. America has greatly expanded since its own phase as a colony of the greatest European Empire of the time. America became her own Empire through the accusation of vast territories through many different mean. Sometimes she purchases the mighty morsel, sometimes she forms it #8230; by the natural increase of her own people, sometimesRead MoreEssay on The Rise of Empire: British Imperialism1463 Words   |  6 Pagesof King Henry VIII that England was called an Empire which affirmed its spiritual and temporal independence. (1) Imperialism, on the other hand, means the rule of the Empire. But this is a simplistic understanding of the term, devoid of its complex layers of meaning given to it by historical events. The term colonialism works to provide a better picture of the weight imperialism holds in our times. Ania Loomba develops the OED definition of the word colonialism from an innocuous settlementRead MoreWorld War I Was The Rise Of Nationalism And Imperialism990 Words   |  4 PagesWorld war I had three main causes and the first was the rise of nationalism and imperialism. During the 100-year period of peace, nationalism became popular among the European countries. This lead to the creation of a new power, such as Germany, who began to looking for land in the sun, which caused growing tension in Europe. The spread of nationalism lead to the build up of military strength around Europe and encouraged public support for the military. There was an arms race between France, RussiaRead MoreEssay about The Pros and Cons of Imperialism540 Words   |  3 Pagespolitical or cultural life is called as imperialism. Imperialism is often separated into two sects. The first one is old imperialism, which was the period from the 1500s to the 1800s, where European nation started to colonize many areas such as the Americas, and parts of Southeas t Asia. On the other hand, the new imperialism was the period between the years â€Å"1870-1914†, where Europe became more focused on expanding their land into Asia and Africa. Imperialism had many pros and cons. In addition, itRead MoreThe Three Principles Of The People968 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieves that the countries [or nations] that will establish the foundation for world government and global culture will be those that use imperialism to maintain their position as the ultimate powers of the world. However, before these nations attempt to govern countries, they must rule over their own. He states, â€Å"The nations which are employing imperialism to conquer others and which are trying to maintain their own favored positions as sovereign lords of the whole world are advocating cosmopolitanismRead MoreDifference Between Formal And Informal Imperialism1721 Words   |  7 PagesDIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORMAL AND INFORMAL IMPERIALISM Name University Course Tutor Date Difference between formal and informal imperialism Throughout the history of the world, different kingdoms have been competing to expand their territories. In most cases, the expansion of theses territories has been at the expense of weaker territories that are incapable of fighting back effectively owing to different barriers . For example, the Mongols expanded their territory in less than a hundred yearsRead MoreEssay on Colonialism and Imperialism - The White Mans Burden1602 Words   |  7 PagesImperialism: The White Mans Burden      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In one of his most famous poems, Rudyard Kipling said, Take up the white mans burden! (146). He was only one of many who believed in the virtues of imperialism in the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. During that period, imperialism was on the rise, and Africa was being swallowed up by competing European nations. The imperialists had many arguments supporting imperialism. They said it was beneficial and, in some cases, essentialRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Monroe Doctrine1195 Words   |  5 Pagesits own business until Imperialism started booming in the late 1800’s. Latin America was less developed and America saw South and Central America as perfect candidates to extract resources and sell U.S. goods. The culture of capitalism was on the rise. The start of Manifest Destiny began to construct U.S. foreign policy which led to America reaching towards the Caribbean and Latin America to expand. Firstly, If God and mission was the road to Manifest Destiny, Imperialism was the light that shinedRead More The Compelling Motives of European Imperialism Essay794 Words   |  4 PagesThe Compelling Motives of Imperialism The presence of Europe in Africa in the late nineteenth century was one of extreme power. The countries of France, Britain, and Germany had especially large claims to the African continent during this time. The motives of imperialism for these countries greatly define Europe at this time. Insatiable desires for economic markets, power and political struggles, the motivating belief in Social Darwinism, and the European idea of superiority were the drivingRead MoreWorld history: The change in Imperialism Essay658 Words   |  3 Pageschange in Imperialism Social, economic, and political change altered the nature of imperialism in three principal ways. One was the amplified need for natural resources, two was the new understanding of economics, and three was the expanding sense of what it meant to be civilized. All of these events and ideas were lead up to by the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution altered the course of history in numerous ways but the most significant is certainly that of imperialism. The industrialization

Underground Tunnel System of Turkey †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About the Underground Tunnel System of Turkey? Answer: Introducation The underground tunnel system of Turkey and the advances being taken place in the system are supposed to add benefits and improve the transport link of the country. The Eurasia and Marmaray tunnels have fundamentally comprised the underground tunnel system of Turkey. Presently, projects on Bosphorus sub-sea tunnels and underwater tunnels linking Europe with Asia are taking place and it is considered that the new initiatives will prove economically as well as socially fruitful. Following the aforementioned condition, the paper will progress on a thesis statement, which is to find the economic and social cause effect related to the Turkey underground tunnel system. The underground tunnel system of Turkey has high economic contribution on Turkeys economy. Both the Eurasia and Marmaray rail tunnel are responsible for adding economic benefit to the country as both of them have improved the transport system. The Eurasia road tunnel that crosses the undersea of Bosphorus strait and links Kumkapi and Kosuyolu, aids the rail transportation of the country (Akgn et al., 2014). On the other hand, the Marmaray rail transportation project, which is another significant part of the tunnel system, adds benefits to the transportation system of Turkey. The underground tunnel system and projects act as great benefits for the business sectors as transportation of goods have become affordable and easily deliverable. The alternative transportation system is being cost effective for the business industry; therefore, varied new projects are being established to add to the benefits (Hung et al., 2015). On the other hand, with the advancing projects of transportation infrastructure of Eurasia tunnel, it is being anticipated that in near future there will be a fast, safe as well as environment friendly link for transportation. It is indicative of the fact that the social life of Turkey is benefitted by the underground tunnel system. Consequently, the easy transportation system is helping the country to stay congestion free (Ozturk Simdi, 2014). Like the business sector of Turkey, lack of traffic congestion helps the society of Turkey in maintaining punctuality and in having a hazard and accident free life. Moreover, the consequences of easy transportation on the social life is indicative of the fact that people of the society is having a safe life and easy access or connectivity to other place and goods (Yalcin et al., 2015). Therefore, from the above brief, it is understandable that the underground tunnel system has positive impact on the economy and social life of Turkey References Akgn, H., Muratl?, S., Kokar, M. K. (2014). Geotechnical investigations and preliminary support design for the Geilmez tunnel: A case study along the Black Sea coastal highway, Giresun, northern Turkey.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,40, 277-299. Hung, R., King, B., Chen, W. (2015). Conceptual issues regarding the development of underground railway laser scanning systems.ISPRS International journal of geo-information,4(1), 185-198. Ozturk, C. A., Simdi, E. (2014). Geostatistical investigation of geotechnical and constructional properties in KadikoyKartal subway, Turkey.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,41, 35-45. Yalcin, E., Gurocak, Z., Ghabchi, R., Zaman, M. (2015). Numerical analysis for a realistic support design: case study of the Komurhan Tunnel in Eastern Turkey.International Journal of Geomechanics,16(3), 05015001.

Turkey

Introduction The Eurasian Country Turkey is a vital factor in the present geopolitical situation for its strategic location with its various historical events. By this time the country has engrossed the attraction of most developed countries and the people allover the world are interested to learn more about the country for their business and tourism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Turkey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper has aimed to present short snap of the country Turkey with deep insights of its geographical data, historical evens, political system, economical potentials, cultural heritage, and tourism prospects that would provide a better understanding for the people interested to explore their business and pleasure trip in this region. This study would deliver with the secondary data available from the recent publications from the governmental and private resources of the most prominent authors in this area, international organizations, and their evaluations about Turkey and so on. All the credit for this study goes to the authors of those works that assisted to organize the paper and there is nothing new, but the presentation and final conclusion delivered by the present author belongs to personal thinking and realization. Geography – Absolute and Relative Location of Turkey: The absolute location of Turkey is exactly in the central area of the earth, linking Europe and Asia, and playing the role of a bridge between the two continents by being bounded with the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black Sea along with the Sea of Marmara (Library of Congress, 7). In addition, the country has boundaries with Armenia, Russia, Iraq, Syria, Greece, Bulgaria, Georgia, and Iran; geologically, the boundary between Asia and Europe is the Bosporus, a passage of water that links the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea, which runs exactly through the city of Istanbul; for this reason, bot h Istanbul and Turkey are equally in Asia and Europe. The location map of the country in the appendix shows the exact positioning of Turkey. The capital city of the country is Ankara, and in fact, the greater part of Turkey is in Asia; however, politically, modern Turkey believes itself to be a committed European nation, and therefore it applied for membership of the EU and is already a constituent of NATO; moreover, its football-team plays in the European qualifying of WC and European trophies.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Library of Congress (7), when it comes to relative location, the position of Turkey is in the eastern side of Greece and the country is flanked by the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The Size The country possesses an area of 780580 square-kilometers (301382 sq miles) with 9820 sq km of water and an overall coastline of 8430 km (that is 5238 miles); in addition, its territorial-boundaries are 822 km with Syria, 499 km with Iran; 352 with Iraq, 268 with Armenia, 252 with Georgia, 240 with Bulgaria, 206 with Greece, and 9 with Azerbaijan. Being a transcontinental Eurasian nation, ninety- seven percent of Turkey engages Anatolia and the residual three percent is in Thrace; in comparison, Turkey is a little bigger than Texas, and its capital city is located in the northwest of Anatolia; conversely, it claims coastline-sovereignty extending six nautical-miles in the Aegean Sea and 12 nautical-miles in the Black and Mediterranean seas. Turkey possesses an intricate set of marine-disputes with Greece in the Aegean Sea, as well as enduring airspace-disputes with Greeks in the same area; moreover, whilst an unresolved issue with the division of Cyprus is continuing, Syria and Iraq have also complaint about Turkey’s elimination of the headwaters of the Euphrates River, which flows from Turkey into those two nations. According to Library of Congress report, its size is approximately half-the-size of Russia, three–tenths the size of Africa, half of South-America, slightly-bigger than China, greater-than double the size of the EU, almost equal to the state of Massachusetts, double the size of California, nearly six times as big as England and three times as big as the United Kingdom Hydrological Features The hydrological features of Turkey are quite complex; low-flows at rivers are of huge significance from the environmental-pollution point of view because when contamination loads, rivers reach highest drought during seasons, causing severe obscurities in evaluation of water quality standards; moreover, river secretions could have low values in some period of the year and may even be dehydrated (TNUGG 3). This typically takes place during the summer-months while irrigation has key significance; in addition, river secretion is vital where waste water enters the river during low flow periods from the dilu tion viewpoint – if the flow reduces below a definite low flow value, it has an undeviating impact on the aquatic life of the surface flows under deliberation (TNUGG 3).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Turkey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On a report of the Turkish hydrological processes, Partal and Ercan (1) suggested that there seemed to be a more obvious seasonal pattern in drifts of precipitation in Turkey, and the number of negative drifts surpassed the positive drifts during January, February, March, September and October; so, the utmost prevalence of negative drifts remained in late winter and September. The table of the Turkish hydrological process (monthly to yearly mean precipitation) in the appendix illustrates the precise situation of hydrological precipitation in the country. Orographic Features Mountains stop Mediterranean-influences from coming into inland, giving the interior of Turkey a continental-climate with distinct-seasons; so, the Anatolian-Plateau is much more subject to extremes than the coastal-regions; particularly, winters are harsh on the plateau and the temperatures of -30 °C to -40 °C can occur in the mountainous regions; however, the driest regions are the Konya Ovasi and the Malatya Ovasi. Climatic Features People in the coastal areas observe milder climates, whilst the inland Anatolia plateau experiences hot summer and cold winter with inadequate rainfall; moreover, due to Turkey’s geological situations, it does not possess a universal or overall climatic pattern; however, in Istanbul and throughout the seashore of Marmara the climate is modest (winter-4 ºC and summer-27 ºC) (Library of Congress 8). In Western Anatolia, there is a calm Mediterranean weather with standard temperatures of 9 ºC in winter and 29 ºC in summer; on the other hand, on the southern coast of Anatolia (Mediterranean area) the same weather can be found; ho wever, the weather of the Anatolian Plateau is a lowland weather, with a huge temperature variation between day and night (WWCI 1 and GSS 1). According to GSS (1), the Aegean and Mediterranean coastal areas possess yearly precipitation varying from 580 to 1,300 millimeters, and the Black Sea coastal area has the heaviest rainfall in Turkey, averaging 1,400 millimeters annually; however, the rainfall is extremely sparse in summer, but snowfall in winter is profound – annual precipitation averages 400 millimeters. The figures and graphs in the appendix illustrate the exact climatic condition of the country. Flora and Fauna Turkey’s flora and fauna is so rich that it became a competitor of Europe because of numerous decorative flowers like tulip and other 9,000 plant species and 8,000 animal species; some of its animals are tigers, deer, bald-ibis, and kangal-dog; conversely, Turkish people cultivate lentils, apricots, almonds, hazelnuts, and cherries as well as tulip, cr ocus, snowdrop, lily, etc.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More History Turkey in the Ancient Era Aschner et al. (4) pointed out that the Anatolian peninsula which was also known as Asia Minor is the region that modern world knows as Turkey, in the ancient history the region gained two grand landmark – one is for its oldest human civilization and the other is for its connectivity between Asia and Europe. The history of human civilization demonstrated that during 7500 BC to 5700 BC human settlements flourished in this region and the Anatolia evidenced with rise and fall of many empires that continued up to 8th century. Inalcik (2) added that Anatolian civilization during 2500 BC, the Kingdom of Hattie flourished here that introduced the Bronze Age and named the region as Asia Minor where it evidenced both urban and rural civilization with agriculture and mining with free flow of migrants. Its language was different from all other neighbor nations with basic characteristics of Turkic language family, with vast influence of Babylonian cultur e in the southern region of Anatolian, there was another indo-European language named Nesian (Inalcik 1). The region was under tremendous attack of the Indo-European tribes, but the Hittites organized Asia Minor as a strong state by occupying Aleppo and Babylon during 1450 BC to 1200 BC, they also attacked Egyptian empire and influenced Greek with creative and cultural power; thus, Anatolia proved itself as a cradle of great civilizations. Aschner pointed out that the Archaeological findings has demonstrated unyielding verification that the socio cultural heritage of modern Turkey has originated from the Hittite state as an archetype of the modern Asia Minor with the territorial boundaries of the Black Sea in the north, the Mediterranean Sea in south and Aegean in the west (1). Turkey in the Middle Era Lonsdale (129) mentioned that Alexander the Great with his modern military doctrine, sophisticated logistics system, and well trained military forces conquered Anatolia in 334 BC by d escending Hellene rulers, it was not a very easy task, but has to give him high value with the sacrifice of huge trained military and took. Next to the Alexander, the territory then absolved into the Roman Empire and prolonged up to the first century to thousand years, during their role they divided Anatolia into two parts of the Byzantine otherwise Eastern Roman Empire and the established the capital of the country in Constantinople, which is the Istanbul, the capital of modern Turkey. The kingdom continued as one of the most dominant economic region, advanced cultural heritage, and military strength in Europe even though it slow down and turned weaker with territorial losses at the time of Roman – Persian as well as Byzantine – Arab Wars; however, Anatolia kingdom sustained until the Islamic aggression extended this region and conquered the Ottoman Empire. Following the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars, the kingdom tried for restoration, but the Muslim aggression in 674 AD to 678 AD, the Muslim troops blockade the Byzantine capital Constantinople and ensured the fall the empowered the Muslims to rule over Ottoman Turks by extending their aggression to conquer Transoxania and Chorasan until ninths century. In twelve century, the Mongols leader Cengiz Khan defeated the Muslim rulers and conquered Transoxania and Chorasan, due to the geopolitical importance of Turkey has gone through until the modern Turkey established with its secular and strategic alliance and successful foreign policy. Turkey in the Modern Era Ahmad (30) pointed out that the Ottoman dynasty had generated an inheritance in Turkey with both negative and positive impact in the political arena and there were no strong successors to restitution of the kingdom, the Young Turks ascended in the power has failed to address the people’s needs that led to evidence the constitutional movement in 1908. At this stage, the Ottoman dynasty has attempted to manipulate and influence the heri tage with radical reformation scheme and structural transformation, but Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk, the revolutionary leader with his regime opposed and demanded to complete abolishing the monarchy from the country secular and democratic values. However, the Ottoman dynasty has permitted the reformation due to the wave of nationalist movement under the leadership of Kemal, although some successors of the Ottoman dynasty like Rauf Orbay kept in the power of new government as traditional symbol and declared victory in July 1922 (Ahmad 30). The political ideology of Kemal Atatà ¼rk was deeply influenced by secularism and his followers recognized many events of momentous significance that provided the test of real independence with numerous openness, withdrawal of all censorship, free movement of people, open market, and independence of press etc. for which people have long been eager. Atatà ¼rk removed all discrimination based on race and color, the major religion groups’ like M uslim, Greek, Armenian, and Jewish learned and experienced a high degree of peaceful co-existence with each other (46). Due to alliance with the Great Britain, Turkey tried to treat itself as a neutral player in the World War II, the ruling-party adopted ‘wait and see’ policy where the Berlin benefited from this neutrality, but the revolt against the axis power generated crisis in Turkey connecting its notorious Capital Tax that was lastly repealed in March 1944. Failure to address appropriate strategy by the government bring into beginning of a new thought in the society to establish civilian leadership on the armed forces and the wave of multi party politics come into evidence instead of conservative, dictatorial autonomy of military and it given the victory of democracy over the fascism in 1945 (117). The modern history of Turkey has unfortunate scenario of military intervention in the state power, although the people have learned to respect the military because of t heir sacrifice and struggle for the nation in the era of Kemal Atatà ¼rk; but modern values of democracy does not allow militaries to intervene in the decision-making and state power. Due to Turkey’s engagement with the NATO the military expenditure were extremely raising in fifties and the government was under pressure to cut military budget while the Turkish military has no glorious role in the world war I II, following such background of military budget cutting, the country evidenced military interventions in sixties, seventies, eighties and nineties (141). The Political System of Turkey Aschner et al. (10) pointed out that the membership condition of Turkey in the European Union has urged to develop the political system of Turkey including its economy and human rights condition and to do so EU suggested for enormous reformations along its legal reformation in some context. Turkey is the first Muslim country that membership of EU, although 92% territory of the country is situated in the Asia, the country experienced at least military interventions, there are huge non-secular practice in the government has generated confusion among its people and inhabitants; thus, people demand for quick reformation. Social progress, economic development of Turkey has deeply linked with the reformation of its political system (Migdalovitz 7). The Political Structure of Turkey The House of Commons (3) mentioned that under the constitution 1982, Turkey is a constitutional democratic republic with a dominance of military intervention although the recent constitutional reformation has engaged to reduce the military interference by integrating the civil society. According to constitutional amendment of 2007, the parliament of Turkey has bannered as ‘Grand National Assembly of Turkey’ (TGNA) that consisted with 550 elected members by the direct vote of the people and they seat for four yeas in the GNAT. There are huge number of political parties in Turkey, bu t the parties those get at least 55 seats are entitled to parliamentary, to avoid such dilemmas politicians go for election independently and after election they join to the favorable parties (11). Before the constitutional amendment 2007, the two-third majority of the parliament members elected the presidents, but after that amendment president would be elected by the direct vote of the people for five years and could not be elected for more than two terms. The power of the president has not eventually described in the constitution, but he serves as the head of legislative, executive including judicial branches, at the same time the president shares his power with the Council of Ministers represented by the Prime Minister who enjoys the power to veto any legislation along with the rights to issue emergency decrees. President is the head of state, and though his powers are not precisely defined, they include the executive, legislative, and even judicial spheres (5). He shares execut ive power with the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister, and has the power to veto legislation and issue emergency decrees. The Prime Minister is empowered to appoint the most sensitive state officials like Chief Public Prosecutor, judges of the Constitutional Court and other important positions; at the same time, he acts as the chief of armed forces and chairperson of the National Security Council and accountable to the parliament. Political Representation Political Division SETA (3) pointed out that the most dominant political representation of the people has evidenced by four major political parties who evidenced with their ideological heritage and the political divisions among them are very clear with the changing dynamics of Turkey where domestic and foreign policy options continuously transforming. Following the referendum of 2010, all the political parties urged their unity to establish a new constitution for new Turkey that reflected in their election manifesto as vision of 2023 and people are likely hopeful to get a prosperous Turkey with their political representation, following are the major agenda for parties: The Justice and Development Party: – It is also named as ‘AK Party’ that organized in 2002 and proved itself as a most dominant political actor to change the political and social life of the people with their program and the country would be capable to overcome underlying economic crisis. The political and economic agenda of the party satisfied the people’s vision and in election of 2002, AK party ascended into the state power and continued its reformation agenda, beside the economic reform the party has aimed to maintain political stability and to ensure right and freedoms (4). The Republican People’s Party: – The name of the party initialized as CHP and it is the most prominent political organization of Turkey founded by Mustafa Kemal during 1923, it ideology aligned with republicanism and nationalism, under the leadership of this party Turkey entered in the modern era. Turkish major political reform, like multiparty politics, democratic values, and abolition of monarchy was the contribution of CHP. CHP has struggled for a long time against military autocracy in Turkey and bought major constitutional reforms; in the general election of 2002, it occupied 19% seats in Parliament while AK Party came to power with 34% vote. The Nationalist Movement Party: – The name of the party initialized as MHP that started its journey in 1969 and evidenced with influential political movements in Turkey against communism, it dominated with anti-communist sentiment of the people generated a wave of â€Å"save the country† propaganda during the cold war era and gained tremendous support from the young generation. The party has generated some ethical dilemmas in Turkey and no evidence to go to the state power; it gained 2.9% and 18% in the general election of 1987 and 1 999 respectively. The Peace and Democracy Party: – Rather than the parliamentary seats, the significant factor of this party is to represent Kurdish political movement a different Muslim ethical group in Turkey, the party has banded by the constitutional court and reorganized as People’s Labor Party (HEP) aligning with international support, in the general election of 2011, it failed to prove its effectiveness. Judiciary Branch The United Nations (7) mentioned that the president appoints judges of the Constitutional Court, while the Supreme Judicial Council elects the judges of the Court of Appeals where all the judges are entitled to exercise their power independently without any bias with the aim to ensure justice and piece of the country in the light of Constitution, laws, and jurisprudence. There is no executive power to interfere in the judiciary even in the provincial or district courts have the evidence of the independence, it is the discretion of the judges wh ere the court would exercise its power, even the legislative and executive are loyal to the court verdicts and may not interfere to any extent. The Supreme Judicial Council acts with the promotion, remuneration, retirement, transfer and posting of the judges that organized with judges of the Supreme Court, it monitors compliance, election, and duties in the judiciary tribunals in the country. The Legislative Branch of Turkey The 550 seated parliament, which named Grand National Assembly of Turkey’ (TGNA) is the highest forum to making and unmaking law, before seating in the TGNA, the members take oath to uphold the constitutional supremacy, it passes and amend any law for the greater interest of the nation, Council of Ministers are also accountable here. The National budget, overseas treaty and agreement, war decision and all other emergence should be approved from TGNA. National symbols of Turkey The national flag of Turkey designed and developed with crescent moon along wit h ‘five-pointed star’ that has been originated from the symbols of ancient Ottoman empire while the national anthem of the ‘Independence March’ symbolized the motivational spirit introduced during liberation war in 1921. Economics Currency IMF (19) provided the matrix to find out the effects of macro-financial distresses on the Turkish economy and it influenced transmission channels, for example, cost of external funding jumped, imports compressed, domestic credit squeezed, elevated cost of external financing usually, raised cost of financial intermediation and indirect taxes raised, and reduced demand for Turkey’s exports. In addition, IMF (19) mentioned that major risks mainly suffered by banking sector with EA parents, public sector, and corporate sector; therefore, IMF identified some potential risks, such as, Increased unemployment rate, created credit crunch, elevated inflation from depreciation and increased indirect taxes, decreased living st andard, squeezed profits and ability to repay loans, and reduced trust on public sector. At the same time, Exchange Rate Until 2005 lira was very weak in relation to the US dollar, but post-2005 years lira gained enough strength, the notes of before 2008 are now out of date and the current indicative exchange rate is US $ 1 = Lira 1.81 according to the central bank data (TCMB 1). Gross Domestic Product According to the report of Trading Economics (1), the economic position of Turkey is much more stable than any other countries in the world because its GDP for 2011, 2010, and 2009 were $773.09 billion, $735.49 billion and $614.42 billion gradually; in addition, the GDP value of this country is approximately equivalent to 1.25% of the world economy. In addition, Trading Economics and World Bank had considered official exchange rate of GDP, which indicates the value of all final products and services produced within a country by a fiscal year; however, Trading Economics further address ed that averaged GDP of Turkey $204.90 billion (from 1968 to 2011, GDP of this country increased from $15.80 billion to $773.09 billion). However, GDP (official exchange rate) was near $614.42 billion, $730.32 billion, and $649.125 billion in the fiscal year 2009, 2008 and 2007 gradually; furthermore, the real growth rate has decreased surprisingly from the year 2009, for instance, the percentage (%) change rate was 29.3% in 2004, where as it was merely -15.87 % in 2009 (Indexmundi 1). Per Capita Income Indexmundi (1), Trading Economics (1), and IMF (25) calculated GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by population; however, this rate has also augmented from the last two years and it was more than $14000.0 billion in 2011 and $13577.10 billion in 2010 though it was about $12460.79 billion in 2009 (Percent Change rate was 8.96% in 2010). However, the economy of this country was deteriorate because of global financial downturn in 2008; in addition, Indexmundi (1) reported th at GDP in PPP was fluctuated from 2002 since Percent Change of GDP in PPP was 13.09% and 19.08% in 2004 and 2005 gradually while it was only 1.68% in 2008. Since GDP in PPP shows the core economic strength of the nation, it is necessary to compare the current data with previous year’s data (from 1998 to 2010), which shows GDP is fluctuating, but national economy still good enough; however, figure (6) of the appendix illustrates these fact more elaborately. Labor Composition Library of Congress (15) reported that it is difficult to measure their activities of the labor force because a large portion is working in the EU and other Middle Eastern countries; in addition, Turkey’s labor force was estimated 24.74 million, 24.73 and 27.4 million in 2010, 2011 and 2012 gradually (Indexmundi 1). At the same time, Library of Congress (15) mention that more than 41% involved with official services, 36% occupied with agricultural sectors and 23% in construction and other industry ( industrial labor is seriously unionized,); however, figure five of the appendix provides the data for entire labor force of Turkey for the year 1999 to 2011. On the other hand, the unemployment rate is higher in urban area, such as, it was 12.7% in urban area and 7.6% in 2008; however, near three million labors are members of the union to be benefited while the employers fail to follow ethical codes of international labor organization; moreover, wage disparities are immense between eastern and western Turkey. Employment/Unemployment Rates According to the report of IMF and Indexmundi (1), unemployment rate could measure by two ways, such as, the national with ILO harmonized definition, or the OECD harmonized definition; on the other hand, it should measure by the number of citizens actively seeking work divided by the labor power (Trading Economics 1) and Percent Change rate depend on inflows made. Trading Economics (1) reported that present unemployment rate is near 8.0% while it w as 10.8% in 2011; however, the table and figure of appendix show more information in this regard Main Exports and Imports Key Exports to Turkey Indexmundi (1) stated that exporting indicates the promotion and direct sells of locally manufactured goods in a foreign market and it is a well-established and conventional form of strategy to acquiring overseas markets; so, export is one of the most important factors for Turkish economy as it earned large amount from this segment like exports income was $143.5 in 2011. According to the Library of Congress (16) and Indexmundi (1), appliances, consumer electronics, and vehicles are the key sectors, but it exports other products and services besides these segments, such as it exports following items as well: Vegetable products; Live animals along with animal products; Animal or vegetable fats and oils; Prepared foodstuffs; Beverages, spirits, vinegar and tobacco; Mineral products and chemical; Plastics and rubber; Vehicles, aircraft, machine ry, vessels and associated transport equipment; Miscellaneous Manufactured goods; Textiles and Textile Articles, Wood and Pulp of Wood, Footwear, Headgear, Umbrellas, Natural or Cultured Pearls, Base Metals, Mechanical Appliances; Optical, Photographic, Cinematographic, and so on; Figure six of the appendix demonstrates the earning from exports in billion for the year 1999 to 2011; however, export revenue of Turkey increased from 1999, for example, in 1999 it was about $26 billion while it was more than $140 billion in 2008 though it dropped in 2009 due to financial crisis in global context. Imports to Turkey Library of Congress (14) stated that Turkey has to import large amount of oil and natural gas and this country imported about 1.10 billion cubic feet of natural gas (from Russia, Iran and Azerbaijan) to enhance electric power industry; Turkey increased import of gas from 25% to 58% with last seven years. According to the report of Library of Congress (16) and Indexmundi (1) po inted out that the demand of oil has also increased by 20% from 2006 to 2010, and demand of electric power doubled in the 1990s, which was difficult for this country to keep up with demand though Turkey’s producing capacity of 35000 megawatts to 67000 megawatts exceeded by 2010. Library of Congress (16) and Indexmundi (1) pointed out also reported that This country imports near 90% of its oil mainly from Iran, Iraq, Russia, KSA, and Syria; In addition, main Items for imports are machinery, chemicals, fuels, and semi-finished goods; Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and related transport equipment import costs were more than $18.1 billion and $23.2 billion in the year 2010 and 2011 gradually; In addition, import costs for Machinery and Mechanical Appliance were about $30.2 billion and $38.14 billion in the year 2010 and 2011 gradually; Import costs to base metals and articles of base metal were $28.33 billion, mineral products were $6.7 billion and costs for products of the chemica l or allied industries were $17.8 billion; Figure no seven of appendix shows the expenditure for imports in billion in USD for the year 1999 to 2011; in addition, import cost of Turkey augmented from 2003 due to raise demand in domestic market, for instance, in 2003, import cost was more than $50.8 billion whereas it was over $193.9 billion and $232.90 in 2008 and 2011 gradually. In addition, the figure no seven from IndexMundi (1) also provided more information about the expenditure related to import, such as, import costs was stable position from the year 1999 to 2004 and trade balance was negative position, but it was considerable. Foreign Direct Investment in Turkey: Indexmundi stated that in Turkey FDI determines the total sum of investment made by the investors of overseas countries in Turkey; however, Library of Congress (17) reported that investment policy of this country with FDI inflow was comparatively low due to political instability and the structural problem. It is im portant that FDI exclude investment in the course of purchase of shares and investment commitments made by the foreign investors are also a further determinant of FDI in terms of fixed assets; however, FDI of this country was only $2 billion in 1999, but it increased slowly while it was $18.63 billion in 2011 (Indexmundi 1) Culture and Tourism Icoz, Ebru and Orhan (2) stated that Turkey is one of the most famous rising tourism destinations because rich geo-morphological along with tectonic multi-altitudinal structure; however, the government has already taken long-term strategic plan in order to develop the facilities for the tourists and generate more revenue from this sector. Folklore, Music, and Dance Turkey has very rich folkloric traditions, such as, folk music accompanies Anatolian people, and people create their own music (music pass from one another and â€Å"asiklar† or troubadours sing and play this music); in addition, Turkish folk dance is very lively and variant because regional dancing steps and rhythms are different and based on local culture and different situation; Museums, Art Galleries, Palaces Castles Several important popular art galleries, palaces, and castles are: Ottoman museums (1839 – 1922): Ottoman museums were rooted in military collections instead of art works (Shaw 4); Ankara Anatolian Civilizations Museum (1464 – 1471): historically important for Turkish made up of two buildings; Topkapi Palace Museum (1459-1465): This museum situated in Istanbul and Mehmet II built this Palace as his principal residence along with parliament house; however, visitor would get the opportunity to see richest collections of treasures in the world including Arms and armor, Ceramics, Glass, Silverware, and so on; Other: Antakya Mosaic Museum, Istanbul Archaeology Museum, Ephesus Archaeology Museum and Antalya Archaeology Museum, Istanbul Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art; Palaces Castles: Turkish castles and palaces have a very different look from European castles, which would give the opportunity for the tourist to experience unique National Parks There are 33 official national parks and 16 areas considered natural parks, such as: AdÄ ±yaman – Nemrut Mountain National Park: Most famous park for the huge sculptures of gods on the mountain (Ankara 1); Afyon – AkdaÄŸ National Park: it covers an area of 14,916 hectares and it was declared a Natural Park in June 2000; Other: BaÅŸkomutan Historical National Park, Soguksu National Park, Antalya – Altinbesik Cave National Park, Antalya – Bey Mountains Shore National Park, Kà ¶prà ¼là ¼ Canyon National Park, KurÅŸunlu Waterfall and so on; Gastronomy (Foods) Food: Turkish would like to take home-made food, some Turkish foods are the simit (ring-shaped bread), gà ¶zleme (a kind of pancake), Turkish appetizers, kebap (sometimes spelled kebab), Adana kebap, kà ¶fte (meat balls), gà ¶zleme, kumpir, and so on; Drinks: Tea is the national drink and it is served at breakfast; however, Turkish coffee, and alcoholic beverages are widely available; Religion, Philosophy Traditions Library of Congress (10) reported that about 99% of the total population is Muslim mainly Sunni and Islamic groups challenged the idea of the secular nation, so, the presence of the non-Muslim population declined from 2000; however, Christianity and Judaism are the other religions in practice; Other – Temples, Festivals Archaeological Sites Temples: It is some times argued that Gobekli Tepe, about 11,000 years old archaeological site, was the world’s first temple; among other temples, Temple of Artemis and Didyma are significant; besides, there are numerous other active temples too; Festivals: Apart from New Year, Eid, and Christmas, International-Film-Festival, Mevlana-Memorial-Celebrations, Folklore-Festival, Children’s-Festival, Nasreddin-Hodja-festival, Izmir-international-fair, etc. are significant A rchaeological Sites: Ephesus, Aphrodisias, Hierapolis, Pergamum, Gobekli, Priene, Patara, Arykanda, Olympos, Termessos, and Sagalassos, are the major archaeological sites of the country Conclusion This study demonstrated that Turkey is a resourceful country with its geopolitical importance, glorious historical heritage, ancient civilization, and cultural development, stable economic and political progress those enabled the first Asian country to be the member of European Union. The rich legacy of modern Turkey would catch the attention of foreigners for business and tourism. Works Cited Ahmad, Feroz. The making of modern Turkey. London: Routledge, 2003. Print. Ankara, Gazi. Turkey National Parks. 2012. Web. http://www.goturkey.com/content.php?cid=53229lng=entyp=c. Aschner, Diana. et al. 2009. History Culture of Turkey: From Anatolian Civilization to Modern Republic. PDF file. 13 October 2012. http://www.chatham.edu/academics/globalfocus/archives/turkey_1011/_pdf/history_culture.pd f. GSS. 2012. Hunting in Turkey for Bezoar Ibex, Anatolian Chamois and Anatolian Red Deer. http://www.gssafaris.com/destinations/hunting-in-turkey.php. Icoz, Onur. Ebru Gunlu and Orhan Icoz. 2008. The Role of Travel Intermediaries in the Development of Mountain Tourism With Respect To Sustainable Mountain Tourism Policies: A Case Of Turkey. PDF file. 13 October 2012. http://www.unizar.es/centros/eueeh/master/ICOZetalt.pdf. IMF. 2011. IMF Country Report. PDF file. 13 October 2012. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1216.pdf. Inalcik, Halil. 2012. Turkey And Europe:A Historical Perspective. PDF file. 13 October 2012. http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/HalilInalcik1.pdf. Indexmundi. Country profile 2012 of Turkey. 2012. Web. http://www.indexmundi.com/turkey/. Library of Congress. 2008. Country Profile: Turkey. PDF file. 13 October 2012. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Turkey.pdf. Lonsdale, David. 2007. Alexander the Great Lessons in strategy. PDF file. 13 Oc tober 2012. http://trainings.altpere.com/downloads/GYC/books/Alexander%20Great%20Strategy.pdf. Migdalovitz, Carol. 2010. Turkey: Politics of Identity and Power. PDF file. 13 October 2012. http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/147289.pdf. Partal, Turgay Ercan Kahya. 2005. Trend analysis in Turkish precipitation data. PDF file. 13 October 2012. http://web.itu.edu.tr/~kahyae/docs/Trend%20analysis%20in%20Turkish%20precipitation%20data.pdf. SETA. 2011. Political Parties In Turkey: From 2010 Referendum To 2011 June Elections. PDF file. 13 October 2012. http://www.setadc.org/pdfs/SETA_Policy_Brief_No_52_Political_Parties_in_Turkey.pdf. Shaw, Wendy. 2011. National Museums in the Republic of Turkey: Palimpsests within a Centralized State. http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/064/038/ecp64038.pdf. TCMB. Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Exchange Rates. 2012. Web. http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/. The House of Commons. 2008. Turkey Today. PDF file. 13 October 2012. www.parliament.uk/briefing-p apers/RP08-90.pdf. The United Nations. 2004. Republic of Turkey: Public Administration Country Profile. PDF file. 13 October 2012. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023185.pdf. TNUGG. 2007. The Report of Turkish National Hydrology Commission. PDF file. 13 October 2012. http://www.iugg.org/members/nationalreports/turkey07-iahs.pdf. Trading Economics. Turkey Unemployment Rate. 2012. Web. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/turkey/unemployment-rate. WWCI. 2011. Average weather in Side, Turkey. PDF file. 13 October 2012. http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-fahrenheit,side,Turkey. Appendices Figure 1: The location map of Turkey Source: GSS (1) Figure 1a: Turkey’s Flag Source: Library of Congress (1) Table-2: Turkish hydrological process – monthly to annual mean precipitation Source: Partal Ercan (14) Figure-3: Monthly temperature Source: WWCI (1) Figure-4: Average precipitation Source: WWCI (1) Figu re-5: Average sunshine annually Source: WWCI (1) Figure-5: Per Capita Income Source: Indexmundi (1) Table 4: Unemployment rate of Turkey for 2001-2010 Source: Indexmundi (1) Figure 4: Unemployment rate of Turkey 2011-2012 Source: Trading Economics (1) Figure-6: Total Exports from 1999 to 2011 Source: IndexMundi (1) Figure-7: Imports 1999-2011 Source: IndexMundi (1) This essay on Turkey was written and submitted by user Libby Blake to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.